Applied Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Applied Economics - Essay Example An independent Monetary Policy Committee was launched in 2012 as a subsidiary of the bank to take relevant action in order to eliminate or reduce operational risks with a mission of leveraging and increasing the resilience of the UK financial system (Buckley & Desai, 2011). The committee is also charged with supporting the economic policy of the government. Managing inflation Types of inflation Demand-Pull Inflation In demand-pull inflation, inflation is solely caused by increases in aggregate demand. This inflation develops when the household, government, business and foreign sectors together try to purchase more output than the economy is able to produce. Demand pull inflation results when aggregate demand increases beyond aggregate supply causing shortages in the economy. This type of inflation is can be sustained with an increase in the monetary base (Buckley & Desai, 2011). Cost-Push Inflation In, cost-push inflation, inflation results from decreases in aggregate supply due to i ncreases in cost of production. This type of inflation arises when the cost of using labor, capital, land, or entrepreneurship rises. This means that the production possibilities edge is reducing in size closer to the origin, causing it to bump down against the aggregate demand. The eventual result is inflation. ... Expansion of fiscal and monetary base cause excess demand and as a result, inflation increases. One of the key responsibilities of the bank of England is maintaining monetary stability. This means low inflation, stable prices and confidence in the UK currency. Price stability is defined by the inflation target set by the government, which the bank aims to meet by the decisions taken by the Monetary Policy Committee. The Monetary Policy Committee is a committee that consists of nine experts who meet every month at the bank to discuss and review the performance of the economy and decides on the most effective way to set the monetary policy to achieve the rate of inflation of 2% set by the government (2012). This committee votes on the bank rate at its meetings and decides whether it is wise to employ quantitative easing or not, and if so, how much money should be injected into the economy. The monetary policy committee makes its decision independently without the intervention of the go vernment (Toporowski, 2012). The principal aim of the bank is to protect the value of the currency based on what it is able to buy-an increase in prices implies inflation, which lowers the value of the currency. The monetary policy is created to achieve this aim and developing a structure for non-inflationary economic growth. The monetary policy of the bank of England controls inflation by influencing the interest rate at which money is lent and through quantitative easing (QE)-injecting money directly into the economy by buying assets. This implies that the banks mechanisms of managing inflation through monetary policy budges towards the quantity of money availed in the economy rather than the interest rate at which the bank borrows or lends money to

The history and geography of UAE and Dubai (a city of UAE) Essay

The history and geography of UAE and Dubai (a city of UAE) - Essay Example For instance, the Sheikdom in this region under the powerful Carmathians was able to conquer Mecca, the holy place of Islam. But gradually, the Sheikdom became disintegrated and the people once more turned towards piracy (say, became sea pirates). But in 19th Century, the people who lived in this region were powerful enough to challenge Omani and Muscat sultanates. The British intervention in 1800s transformed the whole area to that of a protectorate. For instance, the whole area was renamed by the British administration as Trucial Coast. But the British Administrators were not interested to consider the area as a colony. Instead, they considered the area as a protectorate which consists of 9 states. In 1971, the British control was withdrawn and the whole area became independent as a federation of states. The UAE is situated near to the Eastern side of Arabian Peninsula. Besides, UAE is the part of Gulf of Oman and the Southern Coastal area of Persian Gulf within the Middle East. The UAE shares border with Saudi Arabia in the West- Southern side, Qatar in the Northern side, and Oman in the Eastern side. The land in UAE consists of barren and desert areas. As pointed out, the location of UAE is in the Middle East Asia. In addition, the total area of UAE is 82, 880 sq km. Within this area, coastline consists of 1,318 km, and territorial sea under control is 12 nm (say, nautical mile). The exclusive economic zone within UAE consists of 200 nm. But Kenneth Katzman opines that the economic boom and foreign investment in Dubai within UAE was not helpful to overcome the aftereffects of the global economic crisis (Katzman 12). Basically, the climate of UAE is hot, but the Eastern mountain areas are comparatively cooler. The natural resources consist of petroleum deposit and natural gas. But there exist a number of natural issues like desertification and oil spill from oil wells. In addition, UAE acts the role of an important transit point

The Role of Human Resources Essay Example for Free

The Role of Human Resources Essay Describe the unique challenges of managing the human resources function for your specific organization As a new Senior Vice-President of Human Resources for Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) Inc are presented many challenge because the size of healthcare organization. HCA owns and operates one hundred and sixty nine hospitals, and one hundred and five surgery centers within twenty-five states, including London England furthermore, the organization and its affiliate employee approximately one hundred and ninety thousand people. Therefore, there is a need for a large qualified staff of human-resource individuals. As the Senior Vice-President of Human Resources, one would report to the CEO of the company as well as have a staff of several vice presidents who would handle all the relevant regions and facilities. The human resources department is broken down into sections and there are vice presidents over each of these respective sections that would report to a senior vice-president of HR groups. This includes, * Division offices that oversee the hospitals and surgery centers. * Operations and recruitment. * Employee relations. * Benefits and compensation. * Information system and executive workforce development. * Human resources ITS. * Community relations and foundations. * Organizational leadership and development. Each one of these groups covers all the various human resources functions within the organization. According to Flynn, Mathis and Jackson (2011), â€Å"HR professionals in all segments of the industry will be faced with the challenge of recruiting and retaining the right number of competent employees for their organizations† (p. 11) The organization like many others has the challenge of recruiting and retaining mostly registered nurses, but HCA cannot forget about retaining the employees which a company presently has. There are human-resource departments at each of these hospitals that handle the hospitals and affiliated surgery centers. These HR directors at the hospitals report to the division offices who then report to the respective corporate human resources vice president. Furthermore, the issue of managing changes, such as costs, governmental compliance, diversity, technology and the quality of work life falls under one of the responsibilities of the vice presidents. All of these items must be handled efficiently and effectively at the same time ensuring that company has happy employees. A person also has to ensure that there is a diverse group of employees within the organization, as well as give employees options so that they will have a good balance between work and family. The company had a very different group of employees, and continues to educate their employees through the Cultural Inclusion series that business offer monthly along with a separate group that manages all of employer accreditations and governmental compliance issues that do not fall within the jurisdiction of human resources. Analyze the competencies required for your specific position and determine in which areas you need to develop. Provide specific examples to support your rationale. According to Flynn, Mathis and Jackson, â€Å"the five core competencies that are critical in a high-performing HR leader are strategic contribution, personal credibility, HR delivery, busi ness knowledge and HR technology (Flynn, Mathis, Jackson, 2011) p. 22. Together with these competencies company a human resources must be emotionally, intelligent, connect to proper procedures and behaviors in their jobs, due to the structure and how businesses are set up. People will feel confident that all of these areas are covered and support the organization successfully. The areas that one needs to develop and have a better understanding are the business knowledge aspect also the technology aspect. Since this Corporation is large and has many different departments, it would be beneficial for leader to have a general and basic understanding of how each department works and interacts between one another and know who reports to whom to give a person a well-rounded picture of each group. The technology is changing so much that it would be advantageous to have a good understanding of how new technology can assist in hiring, training and promoting employees within the organization. In the past the company has tended to hire outside of the organization before promoting within however, it is in the process of changing that with the modern system that allows employees to update their education and skills for the human resources group to review. It is also important in a HR position to be able to communicate effectively with all employees from the top to the bottom and to be approachable and make employees feel comfortable coming to talk with others within our department. Finally, mutual respect is a necessity and a requirement to make everything run smoothly. Determine the role you think the company could play in developing you for the opportunity. What would you need the company to do? How does it benefit the company? In preparing some for this position, the company plays a vital role. One way to prepare for this position would be to have a person work his way through the various HR positions. The training would first start with a corporate overview and the functions HR department. Training at the division level would be the next step, how they handle the HR departments of the hospitals, and finally training at the hospital level itself so that staff could understand their positions and what they deal with daily. In this training, one would get a fundamental understanding of what everyone does from the clerks to the directors. As a present manager, it is very important for management to have a grasp on everything that happens under their leadership. Person should have a basic understanding on how to do every aspect of the job, employees have more respect for a leader when they are not afraid to get in the trenches and help out including understanding what they deal with in their respective jobs. For example, the staff wants the manager to appreciate their job and give them reward for their performance. A Human Resources manager would, need to have a bachelor’s degre e, preferably in human resources along with some work experience for this position. Furthermore, for this position, a graduate degree is preferred; one should enroll in the executive development program and have a mentor. If the company does not have a mentoring program, could check with the American Society for Healthcare Human Resources Administration. â€Å"The ASHHRA Mentoring Program is designed to create a mentorship community for health care HR professionals to enhance and grown knowledge, skills and abilities to excel in their careers† (ASHHRA Mentoring Program). Moving into this position would involve a series of cross training to prepare for this position within the organization. The company would need to outline a training program that would be approximately two years, and within that time frame, all the various human-resource jobs and managerial duties should be reviewed. One would need to ensure that a person had the knowledge, skills and abilities to do the job. Coming from a legal background, training for the labor and employment law section would also be beneficial so that company would have a general knowledge on how employment matters affect the organization when they reach a litigation level. In adequately preparing a self for the role, it would be advantageous to the organization because one would be a well-qualified employee who has understanding of all the areas that fall within arena. Develop a strategic view of human resources that supports your institution’s organizational strategy The strategic plan for the human resources department would incorporate company missions into the organizational mission statement and goals: â€Å"Our organization (HCA) is committed to the care and improvement of human life and strives to deliver high-quality, cost effective healthcare in the communities we serve. With patient first mentality and then the community, the human resources department has to ensure that it recruits competent individuals from hospital employees to the corporate level. The vice presidents who fall under one position would cover the organizational objectives and strategies ensuring that their goals line up and compliment the overall goals. Right now, there is increased focus on recruiting in the registered nurse field due to the shortage of licensed nurses in healthcare. The vice president and group of operations and recruitment deal with the nursing shortage and ensure that business is doing everything possible to get these vacant positions filled so that the patients and communities will not suffer. The organization will pay for any of employees to get their nursing degree along with scholarships for employee children who wish to go into the nursing profession. The vice president of community relations and foundations would ensure that people have a positive presenc e in the communities. Manager oversees projects such as our community day whenever individual work with United Way to serve the community. The company will be sponsoring various events, including performing arts, museums, and school partnerships. Employees will be volunteering in different non-profit agencies. Internal and external assessments and forecasts would be done by the vice president of the human resources information system on both the corporate level and the hospital levels. The development of a Talent Management program helps to guarantee that employer, has the right people in the appropriate jobs. If an employee is not matched up correctly, then that group works on matching them so that they can be relocated to other areas of the company where they will be more beneficial. The vice president of HRIS and his group would be the ones handling these internal and external assessments. A couple of years ago, there were layoffs at the organization in the job, but they were at the corporate level not the hospitals. Some individuals were relocated to other positions due to the Talent Management system, and other people were offered early retirement and others severance packages. The vice presidents of employee relations and the vice president of benefits and compliance would also be involved in the area. They not only want to look within the communities in which company served for employees, but also wants to ensure that person look within the organization to fill positions. These vice presidents would work together to see that the entire employee package is complete and that the employee has everything covered from hours to insurance and stock options. These vice presidents and their groups cover all of employee’s organizations, so they not only have to be concerned with hospital employees. In addition, they have to be concerned with all of our employees, including executive management. According to the American College of Healthcare Executives, â€Å"out of 300 hospitals surveyed, the overall turnover rate for 2010 was 16 percent nationwide† (Modern Healthcare, June 20, 2011, p. 33) Often a company thinks of the employees at the hospitals such as nurses, clinicians, technicians, etc. but doesnt think about the executives that are at the hospital. The company must ensure that they are satisfied employees as well. All the groups of the human resources department work together for the benefit of all employees. There are many things that come into play, such as ensuring a person has competent HR employees who can assist others within the organization. HR wants to recruit the best people it can and to have a diverse workforce within the organization. Once they are recruited, HR wanted them to remain happy and realize that they can have a career and not just a job. Management wants employees to realize that this is an organization where they can grow with the company and that their HR department is pleased to help them do so. Health care HR departments realize the value of healthy employees, and some organizations have even started programs for the employee’s family. â€Å"While most big companies already have employee wellness programs, the newest trend is expanding those efforts to include dependents† (Bloomberg Business Week, January, 21, 2010) If company employees are happy, healthy and their families are the same, business will have a satisfactory employee who will display those duplicate qualities as an employee daily. REFERENCES American College of Healthcare Executives, (2011, February 11) American Society for Healthcare Human Resources Administration – Mentoring Program. Retrieved from www.ashhra.org Flynn, W., Mathis, R., Jackson, J. (2011). Healthcare human resource management. Mason: Cengage Learning Flynn, W., Mathis, R., Jackson, J. (2011). Healthcare human resource management. (2nd ed). Mason,OH: Thomson South-Western/Cengage. HCA – Hospital Corporation of America: About our Company. Retrieved from http://www.hcahealthcare.com Health Care: Human Resources Targets Your Family. Bloomberg BusinessWeek (2010, January 21). Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_05/b4165067423261.htm Hospital CEO turnover by state. (2011, June 20). Modern Healthcare p. 33

An overview of global warming

An overview of global warming Cautions: Global Warming! The air quality of our atmosphere has been in drastic changes in the past century. Industrial revolution has cause major harm to our environment. Pollution, dumping toxic wastes into our ocean, and releasing harmful gases and sprays into the atmosphere. These are some of the cause of global warming so dangerous in the worlds environment. We should take more action towards global warming before its too late. What is Global warming? Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earths temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate (Global). Population growth, deforestation, and pollution have increased by a large margin from twenty, forty, or even a hundred years ago. Since the Industrial Revolution, machines have changed the way life we lived. Before the Industrial Revolution, human activity released very few gases into the atmosphere, but now through population growth, fossil fuel burning, and deforestation, we are affecting the mixture of gases in the atmosphere (Global). It is imperative that we, the people, take action on our dying environment, for the future of our kids and generations to come. Unless steps are taken to stop this progression of events, and even in spite of such steps, the vast majority of the evidence shows that the Earth will continue to grow warmer, with widespread and even catastrophic results. How did we find out what was the cause of global warming? After doing some research, I learned that global warming is created by the greenhouse effect: The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from the sun. Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and Earths average temperature would be about 60 F colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases (Global). Do you know what a greenhouse is? Have you ever seen houses with a small glass house in the backyard just for plants? Well these glass houses also known as a greenhouse. They are meant for plants to survive through the winter time by trapping heat within the house. Since, Earths atmosphere is very much like the greenhouse model, energy from the sun passes through our atmosphere where energy is absorbed by the air, water, and plants. Once absorbed, the energy then releases itself back into the atmosphere and then releases into space. Without the greenhouse effect, our climate could be disastrous because the atmosphere regulates our climate. It could raise or lower the temperatures, misbalancing nature. Even though the greenhouse effect is good for the environment, it could also be bad. Since the atmosphere is filled with pollution, the energy re-releasing back into space sometimes gets trapped by the atmosphere and warms up the Earths climate. Pollution is one of the largest problems in todays environment. By emitting harmful gases such as carbon dioxide which are mainly released from cars and power plants, harmful gases will build up into the atmosphere. The harmful effects of gas build up in the atmosphere and can increase the temperature of the Earth which could endanger plants, cause wild weather patterns, or alter land formations (Global). There are many ways to increase the effects of global warming such as contamination, wastes, or deforestation. One of the largest producers of pollution is power plants. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), turning on the television, using the washer/dryer, or even turning on a light can help lead to more greenhouse gases since they use electricity which originate from power plants. The fumes of power plants are created from the burning of fossil fuels which are released into the atmosphere. What is fossil fuel? According to the Greenhouse Effect article, fossil fuel originated from plants. Plants remove carbon dioxide from the air. When the plant dies, the remains are buried in the soil. After thousands and thousands of years, the carbon dioxide is transformed into a coal or oil which is fossil fuel. The General Accounting Office study forecasts a 42 percent surge in electricity production over the next two decades that will boost U.S. power plants carbon dioxide emissions by 35 percent and mercury emissions by 9 percent (Eaton). Since the population of the world is growin g each day; people are going to use more power which would create more fossil fuels being burned up and more power plants being built to accommodate the rate of the population. Even though there are no inventions to make fossil fuel fumes to be more friendl to the environment, there are other alternatives to cut back on burning fossil fuels. By conserving power, we can cut back on electricity which could help by burning less fossil fuel. Part of the problem could be solved by converting these plants to burn cleaner natural gas (Overview). There are other alternatives to produce energy that dont come from power plants such as solar and wind energy. Solar energy is known to use solar panels to gather energy from a heat source such as the sun. This energy is gathered and stored in a flat panel where it is stored until the energy is consumed. Unlike Solar energy, there is another way to gather energy from our environment. Wind-power energy gathers energy from the wind. Have you ever driven in the highway and seen these large white fans on the top of a hill? Well, those fans are wind conservers. They act the same as solar but by the wind. The amount of energy in creases depending on the speed of the wind. In other words, the faster it goes, the more energy is gathered. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by 82 percent since 1981 (Overview). Today, the average person usually drives himself/herself to work, travel, going or dropping someone off at school, yet do they know how much harm it can cause just to do an errand? With millions of cars driven each day, many harmful toxins are released from the cars exhaust. The amount of gases released can cause harmful effects to the environment and to health. Like power plants, cars are only small versions of power plants, but with so many of them being driven, it could be worse than power plants. The fumes of these cars can lead to breathing problems mainly for older people since their lungs are usually weaker. Organophosphate insecticides, such as diazinon, disulfoton, azinphos-methyl, and fonofos, are used widely in agriculture and in household applications as pesticides. Over 25,000 brands of pesticides are available in the United States, and their use is monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The release of the pesticide can cause children or people, if inhaled, to cause malfunctions in their immune system because it mutants their cells. To help the environment, technology can be very helpful in decreasing the greenhouse effect that is plaguing our environment. While there is no technology to remove C02 from a cars exhaust, we can make them pollute less by making them more fuel efficient (Overview). Creating cars that are fuel efficient can cut back on fuels being used by cars. Hybrid cars (Gas/Electric Cars) are being created that let you go over 800 miles before a fill up for fuel. Newer technology is allowing cars to run farther by using less gas by shifting the engine between electricity and gas. If we are to make any progress in slowing global warming, we must make our cars go farther on a gallon of gas (Overview). Wastes are another large problem in our environment and a benefactor of global warming. Sometimes anti-environmental groups dump wastes into lakes and oceans where they could contaminate an area and misbalance the ecosystem. This can cause a problem because wastes could release hazardous materials that could be radioactive or very harmful that can cause people to be sick. Yet, do the people know what the effect of this waste can cause do to the environment? As a Norman Myers said, if we dont watch what we do with our resources and what we do to our environment, our resources will soon be depleted which will cause a huge conflict throughout the world. Do you know where your trash is being dumped everyday? If you say in a landfill, you are correct. A landfill is where your trash is processed and compacted and stored. Yet what does the build up of landfill have to do with global warming? The trash that we send to landfills produces a greenhouse gas called methane. It is a product of decomposition of organic matter and of the carbonization of coal. Methane is one of the greenhouse gas chemical compounds. Methane is also produced by the animals we raise for dairy and meat products and when we take coal out of the ground (Global). Like power plants and cars, trash can be very hazardous in the build up of the greenhouse effect. Since trash and wastes are getting overcrowded in landfills it could lead to trouble in the near future. Running out of room to store our wastes, there are ways of shortening the load of trash by recycling. Recycling is the process of reusing waste to make new material. Even though the public thinks recycling is good, it can also be bad. The use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer poses a more significant lead threat to the land than did the use of leaded gasoline. All sewage sludges contain elevated concentrations of lead due to the nature of the treatment process Lead is a highly toxic and cumulative (Stauber 108). Recycling wastes to create fertilizer on plants can harm farmers and ruin agriculture. The material in these wastes is very harmful because it could be contaminated with unnatural substances. Land spreading of sewage sludge is not a true disposal method, but rather serves only to transfer the pollutants in the sludge from the treatment plant to the soil, air and ground water of the disposal site (Stauber 109). Destroying nature can also shorten the life span of the Earth. Deforestation, the process of cutting down trees could disturb the ecosystem or the environment. According to the EPA, The projected 2C (3.6F) warming could shift the ideal range for many North American forest species by about 300 km (200 mi.) to the north (EPA). Since trees remove carbon dioxide from the air, cutting down the trees would only result in climate changes. If the climate changes slowly enough, warmer temperatures may enable the trees to colonize north into areas that are currently too cold, at about the same rate as southern areas became too hot and dry for the species to survive (EPA). Due to deforestation and global warming, the shift of climate change dries up the soil which would be impossible to grow anything. This is how deserts are created. The percentage of the worlds plants threatened with extinction is much larger than commonly believed, and could be as high as 47 percent if tropical species are in cluded, researchers said (Study). How can we help stop the people who are cutting down the trees? By doing the opposite, planting trees would help the environment since it removes carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. At the rate of planting one tree is about the same rate of thousands of trees being cut down. Regulating tree cutting companies would slow down the process of deforestation but it is still a problem because wood is very high in demand for housing and construction. How is nature holding up against global warming? The effects of global warming have destroyed thousands of homes by floods, created new diseases, and have left hundreds homeless to the rampage of awkward weather patterns. Global warming effects do not just change the temperatures; they can lead to the change of weather patterns and the rise of sea levels. Devastating floodsjust some of 526 significant natural disasters in the first nine months of the yearripped through parts of Europe, China, India, Nepal, and Bangladesh this year, killing thousands of people and leaving millions more homeless. Even though some nations might get positive effects such as aiding against droughts, other nations would get consequences from global warming (UN). The change of weather patterns can be very disastrous to nature and the sea since it alters the ecosystem. By changing the ecosystem, animals and vegetation are pushed out of their habitat and into a different location. Wild life isnt able to adapt to the new environment easily because they wouldnt know where to gather food or conflicts with other species. Weather patterns can create tsunamis (large tidal waves) which would crash into coastal regions creating erosions. Sea levels are rising due to the rise of temperature due to global warming. Sea level may rise between several inches and as much as 3 feet during the next century (EPA). Due to the melting of glaciers, water is rising from the ocean which is saltwater and it can spread or flood inland threatening plants and animals. If we do not help the environment now, our planet wont exist in the near future. It is important that the people understand that harming the planet to a degree can cause the extinction of the Earth. Rise of temperature, change in weather patterns, toxic wastes lurking in our air, we are vulnerable. If we want to survive on this planet in the future, we must act now before it is too late. Steps need to be taken to cut back and slow down global warming until newer technology can alter and to help the longevity of our world.

Margaret Thatcher :: essays research papers

MARGARET THATCHER Margaret Thatcher was the Prime Minister of Great Britian. Margaret changed many policies and she also defended strongly other government policies. An example of this was when Margaret Thatcher was Secretary of state for education and science. The government had to cut school funding by $300 million. She didn’t want to cut anything that had to do with the students missing out of education. It was her duty to provide the best education for them. The solution she had come up with would be one of the most unpopular moves in her career-up to and including her as Prime Minster (Hole 35). The decision she had made was to eliminate free milk from the lower grades. Free milk had already been eliminated from the older students of a previous labor government cut. She said â€Å" I took the view that most parents are able to pay for milk for their children, and that the job of the government was to provide such things in education which they couldn’t pay for, like new primary schools.† â€Å"Mrs. Thatcher, milk snatcher,† was screamed at her (Hole 36). When Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister the first thing she wanted to do was limit union power. She felt that union power applied to nationalized industrial monopolies resulted in poor service at exorbitant cost to the taxpayers. She pointed to inefficient work practices, overemployment and restrictive employment conditions such as the all union â€Å"closed shop†. These rules were dictated by union contracts and served to tie the hands of managers and the government alike. Mrs. Thatcher’s greatest grievance concerned the powers union leaders had over strikes ( Moskin 100). Margaret’s first targets were the closed shop, picketing practices, and the use of secondary strikes. During her first term in office, new legislation strengthened the power of individual union members against their leadership and provided for penalties imposed on unions that called illegal strikes. A law was enacted to compel unions to make strike decisions by secret ballot. The unions were getting very angry ( Moskin 100). The National Union of Mine Workers (NUM) had a strike thinking it would defeat the Tory government and Margaret Thatcher. The NUM wanted to promote more socialism in Britian with more nationalization of industry and more control of industry by labor. Because Mrs. Thatcher’s policies were exactly the opposite, his efforts were directed at toppling her Conservation administration.

Venturi house vs the Villa Mairea Essay -- Essays Papers

Venturi house vs the Villa Mairea Comparing the Venturi house vs. the Villa Mairea’s relationship to Orthodox Modernism, both Aalto and Venturi rejected the perceived sterility of Orthodox Modern buildings. This rejection led to the development of Post-Modernism in architecture. Both of these architects believed that Orthodox Modernist ultimately produced designs consisting of glass or white boxes and a desensitization for the human scale and form. The idea of Modernism, that form follows function, is defied by Venturi. He asserts that the form should be separate from both the function and the structural facts. He felt that decorative and symbolic forms should both play a part in the structural core of a building. Venturi built a home for his mother Vanna Venturi in 1963. The Venturi home is located in Chestnut Hill, PA. Venturi based the plan on a symbolic conception instead of on spatial abstraction, which he considered to be an aspect of Orthodox Modernism1. This design for his mother had a sloped roof, with the chimney becoming the center of the house. It rises up out of the roof and seems to split the house in two. It has a deliberate deadpan character. But this apparent blandness, hides the many internal complexities and contradictions of the home. This is a house that uses big and small, inside and out to counterbalance the complexity2. Complexity in combination with big scale in a small buildings achieves an appropriate architectural tension. The...

Internet Addiction ( Pathological Internet Use ) Essay -- Essays Paper

Internet Addiction ( Pathological Internet Use ) The Internet has become one of the most universal methods for communication with over 100 million users worldwide. From e-mail to the possibly billions of web pages, there is an infinite amount of information flowing. And another enticing aspect of the Internet, is the opportunity to interact with other people. Chat Rooms and MUD (Multi-User Dimensional) games offer the person the ability to talk and mingle with others online. But with this newfound freedom, also comes the possibility of abuse and addiction. Internet addiction, also known as Pathological Internet use, has emerged as a very destructive force in today’s society. David Greenfield believes â€Å"an estimated 6 percent of the web users 100 million people are thought to be online addicts, and that number is growing everyday.† But what causes Internet Addiction? There are many different causes, but one of the most essential, is thought to be a personality disorder. Carol Potera, an author in Psychology Today says, â€Å"The lone, bored, depress, introverted, lacking self-esteem, or have a history of addictions are most vulnerable.† This group of people seems to be the most susceptible to all mental disorders, psychologically or physical. These people need to fill the void that has been created by not having any real life relationships, so they turn to the Internet, just as if someone would turn to drugs. Greenfield thinks â€Å"people feel closer, quicker to the people they communicated with onli ne than in real life; time passes freely, and people like the anonymity.† (Greenfield) A study conducted by the Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society and InterSurvey (headed by Norman H Nie and Lutz Erbing) had some interesting findings. Twenty-five percent of the surveyed participants (4,113 in 2,689 households) say that web time has reduced their time spent with friends and family and participating in events outside the home. They also found that nearly 60% of the surveyed cut back on television viewing also, in which Erbing added that â€Å"the Internet could be the ultimate isolating technology that further reduces our participation in communities, even more than TV did before.† (Erbing) This is a relatively new disorder, and there hasn’t been much studying or research of it. So how does one know if he or she is a patholo... ...es. Another treatment is Motivational Enhancement Treatment (MET). â€Å"MET is less familiar. Its aim is to help patients acknowledge that they have a problem and need to change their behavior. The stages of change are contemplation, determination, action, maintenance, and contemplation again after a relapse.† Therapists also assess the computer the use of patients in great detail and reaffirm their acknowledgment of the need for help. Therapy groups are the most advised way for treatment. When you can relate to others with others who also have the same problem. The Internet has opened the door of the information age to many people. Actually, the information age was created due to the Internet. Yet, the negatives will never out shadow all the positives that the Internet has done for the world probably, and the Internet is almost assuredly here to stay. So people must be able to use it, without abuse. This isn’t the first time that something has been reared a society-destructive force, and it probably won’t be the last. It is just another way that people can escape the real world, and enter their own sort of utopia. Whether drug-induced or via e-mail, its all the same.

Information skills and system Essay

A system is a collection of devices that works together to archive a particular purpose. Examples include transport system, school system, digestive system etc. A system can be represented as following: Input – contribution to processing of system Control – commanding processing unit Processing – transforming input to output Storage – where content can be put away and retrieved for later use. Output – the outcome of this system An information system is a system that accepts data (raw material) as input and information (organised data) as output. Examples include a computer, searchable databases etc. An information system is shown below: Purpose – The use and function of the system Information process – The process of converting data into information Participants – All people who are involved in the system Information technology – The equipment and instruction used. Data and information – Data, the input (raw material), and information, the output (processed data). The information process: – Collecting – gathering of data from real world. Eg entering details – Organising – preparing data for the use of other processes. Eg arranging data into tables – Analysing – converting data into useful information, usually more digestible. Eg creating a graph from tables of data – Saving and retrieving – storing data/information for later uses. Eg saving document onto hard drive. – Processing – making change in data/information, including updating, correction of error etc. eg spell check – Transmitting and receiving – exchanging data/information with other information systems, near of remote. Eg internet, e-mailing – Displaying – presentation of information. Usually user-friendly, easy to understand. Eg projecting graph onto screen Digital representation of data: All data is in a central process unit is processed as electrical currents. Data is usually converted into binary decimals, consisting only 1 or 0, where 1 represents ‘on’ and 0 represents ‘off’. Different data types are converted differently, and this will be discussed in tools for organising later. Binary digits: Decimal Binary Each digit in a binary decimal can only be 1 or 0. To convert from decimal x to binary: divide x by highest possible power of 2, then divide left over by highest possible power of 2, repeat until 1 or 0 is left. Eg 25 = 24 x 1 + 23 x 1 + 22 x 0 + 21 x 0 + 20 x 1; therefore 25 decimal = 11001 in binary. To convert binary into decimal you do the reverse. Eg 101011 in decimal is 25 x 1 + 24 x 0 + 23 x 1 + 22 x 0 + 21 x 1 + 20 x 1 = 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 43 ASCII code system: The ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) system uses binary decimals to represent different characters. Each digit takes up memory of 1 bit; it takes 8 digits i.e. 8 bits i.e. 1byte to form a character. 1024bytes (210 bytes) = 1KB; 1024KB (220 bytes) = 1MB; 1024MB (230 bytes) = 1GB etc different combinations of any 8 bit forms a character. ASCII includes most if not all symbols, including intangible ones eg Del, Space etc Hexadecimals: Hexadecimal is used in computing when there are too many digits for binary decimal. Eg 255 have 8 digits in binary but only 2 in hexadecimal. It is used for large value numbers such as in the case of html colour panels. Hexadecimals are 16 digit based; 10 – 15 is replaced with A – F respectively. To convert decimal to hexadecimal or hexadecimal to decimal uses the same method as binary conversion, but 16 based. Eg converting 1980 into hexadecimal 1980 = 162 x 7 + 161 x 11 + 160 x 12 Therefore 1980 in hexadecimal is 7BC Eg converting 15FA into decimal 163 x 1 + 162 x 5 + 161 x 15 + 160 x 10 = 4096 + 1280 + 240 + 10 = 5626 Therefore 15FA in decimal is 5626. Social and Ethical issues: Health of human body can be affect through use of information systems. The study of human body and technology is referred as ergonomics. The following are a few health problems the can arise form the use of information system: Tools for information process – Collecting: The collecting process involves deciding what to collect, where to collect form and how to collect. Hardware for collecting different data Text – keyboard, text scanner, voice recognition Numbers – bar code readers, data loggers, keyboard Images – scanner, web cam Video – video recorders, digital cameras Audio – micro-phone, Software for collecting different data Text – Microsoft word Numbers – Microsoft excel Images – scanner software Video – windows media player Audio – Sound recorder Organizing Text – as explained before texts are converted into binary decimals to be processed by other processes, e.g. displaying, analysing etc. Examples of file types: word document, HTML, PDF Numbers – Like text, each numerical number can be converted into a binary number. Common file type: excel, word document Images – An image is an electronic copy of a picture, photo, scanned document etc for display on screen. All images are made of pixels, which are the smallest controllable display element on most screens. There are two types of images: Bitmapped: each pixel is treated individually and represents bits in memory. Their size, colour, tone etc is stored and therefore takes up large amount of memory. The most common bitmapped file types are BMP (high quality images), JPEG (less memory, lossy compression method) and GIF (maximum 256 colours for cartoons, lossless compression by less colour and smaller size). Vector: end points containing information about the line (thickness, colour, gradient etc) common type of file is PNG, but not supported by early versions of internet explorer. Audio – Series of sound measurements. Digital samples are created from real sound waves. The higher frequency of taking samples and the more accurate they are, the better the quality, but the larger the file. Common file types are MIDI and waveform (MP3, MP4 etc). Video – A series of still images recorded at high speed, usually along with audio. Hugh in file size. Common file types include animated GIF, MPEG, Flash etc. data is organized using key frames, one for each image that forms a video/animation when played Analyzing: An example of analyzing data is creating a chart in a spread sheet. Charts and graphs are the most popular ways of analyzing data. They show relationships, trends and comparisons at a glance. The impact (use of colours and symbols to draw attention to important data), speed (obvious) and simplicity (easily understood) made it popular. E.g. software excel, calculator Saving and retrieving: Saving and retrieving is important because it allows edited data to be stored and edited later on. Most information systems have a primary storage and a secondary storage. Primary storage is used to store data/information that needs to be instantly accessible to the CPU. It uses silicon chips on the motherboard to store. RAM random access memory, where frequently used data/information and instructions are stored. When the power is cut off everything in RAM disappears. Data are accessed directly without going through other things. Cache is another example of primary storage. It has the same functions are RAM, but is temporary storage for quick access. ROM read only memory, permanent memory where instructions are stored. These instructions are not to be edited or it may distract the processing of the computer. These instructions are applied when ‘booting’ the computer. Secondary storages are usually portable. Magnetic tape: long thin plastic coated with thin layer of magnetic metal. Magnetic tape can store large amount of data for a cheap price and little space. However it uses sequential memory access, which takes a lot of time. e.g. video tape. Good for back up. Magnetic disk works the same as magnetic tape, but with a circular piece of plastic/metal. E.g. hard disk / floppy disk. Uses random memory access. Optical media uses laser technology to read and write on CD, CDR or CDRE. Written with high power laser to create lots of tiny holes on disk. Flash memory is erasable memory chips e.g. USB, SD card, memory stick etc. Processing: Examples of processing software: audio editing programmes, movie maker, video editors Transmitting and receiving: Buses and ports are used for transmitting and receiving. Buses are connections between CPU and other parts. Ports are sockets that allow an external device to be installed. E.g. e-mail is transmitting and receiving mails. Displaying Printer, monitor speakers etc. most monitors are displayed in pixels. Number of pixels on the screen can be adjusted. Planning, deigning and implementation Understanding the problem This is the first stage of developing a system. It involves identifying the problem that needs to be solved and determining the requirements of the new system through surveys, interviews, analysing existing system, investigation, research etc. Draw up a project plan, specifying who, what how, when; consisting grant charts, schedules, dataflow diagrams, journals, plans etc. Making decisions Determine the feasibility (is it possible) of this new system, analysing potential solutions and makes a recommendation. A feasibility study shows: – nature of problem and overview of existing system – identifying problem – outline constraints (economical, cost vs. benefit; technical, technology requirements and demands; schedule, time wise; organisational, fitting the goal of organization) – restates aim of new system in detail – analyse data collected – suggest solution – no change, new system, investigate etc Designing solution Diagrams such as data flow diagram or system flow chart are used to show context of new system. Data flow diagram is a graphical way of showing the flow of data within the system. O process, ? external entity, ? Data storage, ? data flow. System flow chart shows both flow of data and logic of system. Terminals, input/output, process, database, decision, flow line. Decision trees show all possible decisions and their results. External specification – the appearance of new system Internal specifications – providing technical support to build the system, identify process required by new system, specifications for input data. Information technology – application software may be available e.g. existing accounting softwares. If not then programme has to be written and meets the exact needs of new system. Technical specification – new hardware support need or not. User documentation – user manual for new system. Must be user friendly. Implementing This is the stage of applying the new system. There are three ways of converting to the new system: – Direct conversion – where the new system is completely replacing the old system. Does not allow time to check that the new one works correctly, old system is erased. – Parallel conversion – the new system and old system is run at the same time to allow room for error. – Phrased conversion – gradual implementation of new system. Certain new ones are implemented while other old ones are still operation. Each operation is individually tested. – Pilot conversion – when a small part of the organization uses the new system. If new system fails, old is there to back it up. Training is needed to teach participants to use the new system. The participants include those who are learning and those who are teaching. Who needs to be trained is decided upon their existing knowledge. Testing, evaluating and maintaining System needs to be tested to ensure that it runs correctly. Results are compared to expectations and initial aims. Determines if change is required. Occurs after minor adjustments. Evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the system to identify areas of weakness that needs to be changed. Maintaining is the modifying of system after installation, upgrading by making minor improvements. IPT year11 exams study notes

The Hidden Power of Their Intense Fragility

Almost every human being born on our planet was given a gift of romantic love at least once in a lifetime. Being in love is the condition when even the most hardened pragmatics feel themselves capable of temerarious deeds in order to impress their beloved, to make him or her smile. And during this period, most of us, people dream about writing a poem in honor to of the object of passion. Many of us even write the products of this inspiration down, but after reading them, we understand it’s no more than a bunch of words linked by that little understanding of rhyme most of us possess. Fortunately, Edward Estlin Cummings didn’t belong to that talentless majority. His poems dedicated to the beloved women brought joy and pleasure not only to their hearts and minds, but also to the souls of thousands of the worshippers of poetry. Quite a bunch of love poems went out from under his formidable pen, but the one, called ‘Somewhere i have never traveled, gladly beyond’ is one of the most well-known ones. Scientists argue for whether his once wife was the inspiration for this work of art, or it was some other women, but still this piece of poetry expresses the things most of the man would like to say to their beloved woman, but couldn’t find the words to do it. Some men are afraid to fall in love with a woman, as they feel as the object of their feelings will be able to take control of their life. They are afraid of that ‘power of †¦ intense fragility’ that every woman possesses over the man who loves her. Edward Estlin Cummings wasn’t scared to be possessed by those hands, which are smaller than the rain’s, it’s rather that he gave himself into the hands of his bellowed woman, getting all the possible positive experience from this condition. When I first read this poem a word for the woman, described in the poem came to my mind, which was â€Å"mistress†, a woman, whose power is in her fragility. This poem is written by a first person narrator, the author describes his own feelings towards the object of his passion. The author of the poem is marveled by the impact that woman makes on him. Thus, the tone of the poem is admiring and even a little worshipping. The person who decides to get acquainted with the Cummings’s poems should remember that this writer uses an extremely rich imagery system in his verses. Some of the researchers even claim that â€Å"the love poetry of E. E. Cummings is well known for specifically using flowers to describe a woman's sexuality or the innermost `self. †(Everything2 Website). And it’s true, that in the ‘Somewhere i have never traveled, gladly beyond’ he uses two main image systems which are human anatomy and nature. He compares his woman with flowers in order to emphasize her tenderness and beauty. One more characteristic feature of Cummings’s poetry which’s clearly expressed in the ‘Somewhere i have never traveled, gladly beyond’ is paraphrasing. The writer sometimes ignores the rules of the English language in order to express his feelings, to make the reader understand better the feelings and emotions that overfill him. The unconventional sound of his phrases make the reader return to them again and again in order to understand why the author had organized his writings in such a way, which gives the reader better chance to understand the message expressed by the author. As this poem is a lyric, and it’s written in an open form, some critiques say it is of no great value, but most poetry lovers value the artistic and imagery filling of the poem much higher than its conformity to the common poetry standards. In the first four lines of the poem the author explains he feels that the object of his feelings possesses the knowledge of something the writer never had any idea of, something really simple, but impossible to understand for him, ‘which (he) cannot touch because they are too near’. The next quatrain tells us this woman is capable of revealing the deepest feelings and thoughts the author has just by being near him. In the next eight lines the poet explains the nature of her power, which’s her ‘intense fragility’. In the closing quatrain Cummings tells that her beauty is one more source of her power. ‘your slightest look will easily unclose me though i have closed myself as fingers’ – the poet writes. In this lines the concept is expressed that has been proved by the experience of centuries. Through all the history of the humankind, which was created, as it’s officially thought by man, women had influenced all that crucial decisions that changed the lives of millions of people on the Earth. It often happened that the mistresses, wives or sultanas were those, who actually ruled the states because of the tremendous influence they had on their man. The older I become, the more I understand about the woman’s influence on their husbands, sons and brothers. My mother has never openly opposed any of my decisions, even if they were wrong and harmful in her opinion. She always agreed with my claims at first, but than, gradually, she made me think about the reasons why I wanted to do this or that thing, and about the consequences of my actions. Her ‘intense fragility’ was the way she used to make the man in her family act sensible and rightful. The men have always been the thrillseekers. The nature of this longing is nowadays explained by the biologists and genetics, but women knew that for thousands of years, maybe even on some subconscious level. For the man to be interested with the woman her eyes should ‘have their silence’ ‘somewhere (he) have never traveled’, ‘gladly beyond any experience’. And it’s quite understandable for me, as in my opinion the communication between the partners should enrich both of them, and it’s impossible when they knew each other thoroughly. It is said that all of those, who are deeply in love, are like the blind, they are sick with their happiness. The man, who loves is ready to get the star from the night sky for his darling, or to dedicate her wonderful poem. Those, who are really in love, are really happy, as they know for sure they’ll be together forever. Edward Estlin Cummings and his wife Anne Barton got divorced in a year after this poem was written. Their relationship didn’t survive the period needed for the ink this poem was first written with to fade. Still, today, dozens of years after the death of the poet, his wife and their relationship we open the book to read: ‘the voice of your eyes is deeper than all roses nobody, not even the rain, has such small hands’

Ordering System

AUTOMATED ORDERING SYSTEM USING ANDROID APPLICATION WITH BILLING AND INVENTORY SYSTEMS IN A RESTAURANT A Title Defense Presented to The Faculty of Institute of Information and Communications Technology West Visayas State University La Paz, Iloilo City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Introduction to Research in IICT Ruth Adorable Ma. Rosevelle Cainglet Kristine Genogaling Kasandra Leah Jayne Paniza Mary Joy Petrola Abstract This study focuses on developing an Automated Ordering System using Android Application with Billing and Inventory Systems in a Restaurant.The main goal of the study is to shorten the time taken during the instance a customer orders. Also, this study wants to track the inventory in an easier and convenient way. The billing system will assist in calculating the total earnings of the restaurant for a day, week and month. The study is expected to optimize Android Application using tablets. It describes the main features of Android for a better understan ding of this platform. Java Script was the programming language development technology used in building the system. The system allows the customer to order a menu without calling any of the service crew.The customer can simply select the food to be ordered from the given menu through a tablet that is provided in every table which is embedded with an android application. The billing system is associated with the two other systems, which records the total bills of the customers. In paying the bill, the customer can do it in two ways either it can be cash or credit. The records for the supply goods and the sold products are documented in the inventory system. Every tablet has a unique code where the server can identify if what table the order is coming from.The tablet is linked to the counter and also to the server that is located in the kitchen. To sum it up, the three systems are interrelated to help the restaurant in attaining their goals and objectives. Chapter 1 Chapter 1 is compo sed of six different parts to be discussed namely: (1) Background of the Study, (2) Overview of Related Systems, (3) Objectives of the Study, (4) Significance of the Study, (5) Definition of Terms, (6) Delimitation of the Study. Part One, Background of the Study, discusses the rationale for choosing the problem.Part Two, Overview of the Related Systems, explains the features, capabilities, and limitations of the related system. Part Three, Objectives of the Study, states the goals that the study needed to accomplish. Part Four, Significance of the Study, enumerates the importance of the study and its beneficiaries. Part Five, Definition of Terms, conceptually and operationally defines important terms used in the study. Part Six, Delimitation of the Study, sets the ranges that are included in the study, as well as the boundaries and scope affected by the proposed system. Background of the StudyNowadays most of the restaurants are having big problems regarding with their old ordering process. The basic problem in the food service industry is that restaurant is not realizing efficiencies that would result from better applications of technology in their daily operations. After analysing the said situation we’ve come up to a proposal that can help these problems of restaurants. This system that we’ve come up can let the costumers order through simply choosing the menus that they like through a tablet that is in their tables. This tablet has an installed android OS with android applications.This system can give a lot of benefits. With the new open and comprehensive platform for tablet device called android operating systems and android applications, we come up to extend to proposed automated ordering, inventory and billing system using android application in a restaurant. With this kind of systems, the management can provide immediate help for the customers. Customers won’t bother about their tables while they are ordering because in every table there is one tablet embedded with android applications. Overview of Related Literature Objectives of the StudyThis study aims to determine the objectives of Automated Ordering System Using Android Application with Billing and Inventory System in a Restaurant. 1. To develop an automated ordering, inventory and billing system using android application. 2. To develop an ordering system that allows customer’s entry of orders to be forwarded immediately to the kitchen. 3. To create an inventory system to record the purchased and the consumed supply of products. 4. To develop an inventory system that records the supply goods and the sold products of the restaurant. 5. To design a friendly-user interface system. Significance of the StudyThis study will be a significant endeavor in promoting Automated Ordering System Using Android Application in a Restaurant. In this study the costumers can also gain knowledge on how to use an automated ordering system using android application. Thi s study will also help the personnel’s to lessen the human work. Restaurant owner will likewise benefit the study. He can monitor the daily, weekly and monthly income of the establishment. Through the inventory and tally of the supplies per transactions, the proprietor easily forecast on what and how many of the said supply will be ordered and delivered.Moreover, this study will serve as a future reference for researchers on the field on Information Technology and Management. This kind of project will enhance their knowledge and skills in programming. And importantly, this research will educate clients in deciding on whether or not a food business should automate and utilize an ecommerce in advancing their business. Definition and Terms For the purpose and understanding, the following terms were given their meanings: Automated is to turn a set of manual steps into an electronic operation that runs on its own.It may also refer to removing certain human interactions with the so ftware in an existing information system to make it operate from beginning to end without intervention. (http://www. thefreedictionary. com/ automated) In this study, Automated refers to the techniques in ordering in a fast food chains. Ordering is to give an authoritative direction or instruction to do something. In this study, Ordering refers to System is a group of interacting, interrelated, or Interdependent elements forming a complex whole. In this study, system refers to theAndroid is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. (http://developer. android. com/guide/basics/what-is-android. html) In this study, Android refers to the software that will be used in the system. An application is a program or group of programs designed for end users. In contrast, applications software (also called end-user programs) includes database programs, word processors, and spreadsheets. Figuratively speaking, applications software si ts on top of systems software because it is unable to run without the operating system and system utilities. (http://www. ebopedia. com/TERM/A/application. html) In this study, Application refers to a program designed for end users. Restaurant is defined as a business establishment where meals or refreshments may be purchased. (http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/restaurant) In this study, restaurant refers to where the system is deployed. Billing system is a combination of software and hardware that receives call detail and service usage information, groups this information for specific accounts or customers, produces invoices, creates reports for management, and records (posts) payments made to customer accounts. (http://www. billingdictionary. om/billing_dictionary_billing_system_definition. html)Authors: Mr. Avi Ofrane Mr. Lawrence Harte Copyright: 2006 In this study Billing refers to the record of the sales price from the customer. Tablets are a powerful tool for enhanc ing your productivity and online experience whether for business use, or life in general. Smaller than a laptop and bigger than a Smartphone, the tablet is perfect to take with you on the go. You can browse the internet, create and share presentations, videos conference with clients, stay connected with corporate email, download books, games and videos, watch movies, share photos and much more with your tablet. http://www. staplesadvantage. com/tablet/choosing-a-tablet-tablet-what-is-it. html) Copyright 2011 Staples, Inc. In this study Tablet refers to the device used by the costumer to order in the restaurant. Inventory are raw materials, work-in-process goods and completely finished goods that are considered to be the portion of a business's assets those are ready or will be ready for sale. (http://www. investopedia. com/terms/i/inventory. asp#ixz29lQePffp)2012, Investopedia US, A Division of ValueClick, Inc.In this study Inventory refers to the records of supply goods and the sol d products of the restaurant. Java Script A scripting language developed by Netscape to enable Web authors to design interactive sites. Although it shares many of the features and structures of the full Java language, it was developed independently. Javascript can interact with HTML source code, enabling Web authors to spice up their sites withdynamic content. JavaScript is endorsed by a number of software companies and is an open language that anyone can

Memo to Bradley Stonefield Essays

Memo to Bradley Stonefield Essays Memo to Bradley Stonefield Essay Memo to Bradley Stonefield Essay Atwood and Allen Consulting , if an employee’s pay is usually $10.00 per hour, overtime pay would be at the rate of $15.00 per overtime hour. The same exceptions count as in the minimum wage law to also include commissioned sales people. 3. The third law is time off which has to do with the Family and Medical Leave Act. This is a federal law that requires employers to give covered employees up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for qualifying

Law and Ethics Essay Example

Law and Ethics Essay Example Law and Ethics Essay Law and Ethics Essay Laws are a familiar concept, and provide a basic social framework of right and wrong to which the majority adhere. Ethical theories may also be applied to all issues of uncertainty, including those not covered by laws or professional guidelines. They create a mechanism within which issues of moral uncertainty may be questioned and resolved (Jones 1994). One such area of moral dilemma is that of informed consent. In it’s simplest terms, consent may be defined as giving permission: †¦ in current usage consent is defined as a voluntary compliance, or as a permission. I consent’ means I freely agree to your proposal’, which is an explicit statement that my consent to a certain course of action has been sought and granted without any element of coercion. (Faulder 1985:32) However, in recent years this definition of consent has been deemed inadequate. Consent may be regarded as invalid if the consenting individual does not know what they are consenting to. It is for this reason that the adjective informed’ has been used to clarify it’s meaning (Tschudin 1989).Faulder (1985) states that the medical profession is divided as to the exact meaning and purpose of informed consent. This is particularly true in the field of midwifery and obstetrics where this has recently become a key issue, despite the existence of a number of professional guidelines such as the Code of Professional Conduct (United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) 1992). This is in part due to the reluctance of many in the medical profession to adopt this new ideology.The age of informed consent brings with it enormous changes to the previously paternalistic health service. The Changing Childbirth Report (Department of Health 1993) with it’s ethos of woman centred care emphasises the need to empower clients by providing them with adequate information to make their own decisions. It is the right to know, and the right to say no. (Tschudin 1989) Informed consent is about the right to control our own destinies and to determine our own ends as far as humanly possible; it is about the right to ake choices and the right to refuse consent; it is about the right of individuals to preserve their integrity and dignity whatever physical and mental deterioration they may suffer through ill health; it is about our duty always and in all circumstances to respect each other as fellow human beings and as persons. (Faulder 1985:2) This essay will examine the legal, professional and ethical issues that affect, and are affected by informed consent. The writer will explore the subject as it relates to midwifery, using examples from the field and with reference to pertinent laws and professional guidelines.LAW Consent has been an issue in English law since the middle ages, however the first legal action concerning consent was not raised until 1767 when a patient brought an action against his doctors alleging that he had not co nsented to a particular treatment (Faulder 1985). More recently at the beginning of the century, consent forms before surgical procedures became statutory (Faulder 1985). Informed consent however, was not raised as a legal issue until 1957 in the case Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee (cited by Faulder 1985).The case centred round the hospitals alleged failure to disclose risk to the patient who subsequently suffered a fracture. Although the court found in favour of the hospital in this case, the need for more information was highlighted. The court found that the hospital had provided acceptable information based on current standards of practice, however at that time the current standard practice was not to provide fully informed choice, which is now thought to be best practice. From this case, the Bolam test was devised, which examines a consensus of current practice for comparison.As the law currently stands, a healthcare professional †¦ can be sued for battery (u nlawful touching) and for negligence (the failure to meet approved professional standards or care). (Faulder 1985:21-22). Treatment without consent may be regarded as battery, but legally this consent still does not have to be fully informed in the UK. The amount of information provided is at the discretion of the doctor, as demonstrated by the Sidaway v. the Board of Governors of Bethlhem Royal Hospital (1984, cited by Palmer 1993).Consent may be implied, verbal, or written, but accurate records must be kept by the professional as to the information given and the consent granted by the client (UKCC 1996). Rogers states two notable exceptions whereby a patient can be treated without their consent . If a person has a notifiable disease or is capable of causing one, or If a person has been detained under the provisions of the Mental Health Act (1983), the Mental Health Amendment Act (Scotland 1983) or the Mental Health Act (Northern Ireland 1961) (1989:259).The latter exception has b een utilised in a number of recent enforced caesarean section cases whereby the client has been deemed temporarily mentally incompetent due to her refusal to give consent to the operation. The most notable is that of Re MB [1997] CA (cited by Migdal 1999). The judge deemed that although the client was behaving irrationally due to a needle phobia, this did not imply she was not competent to make her own decisions. If she were competent to consent, then her refusal was also a competent one.The rights of the mother to autonomy as a priority even when risking the life of her unborn child have also been clarified by these recent cases. (Caulfield 1999:118) An unborn child does not have a separate legal status from its mother and the court cannot take the status of the unborn child into consideration when determining whether the mother has the legal capacity to consent or refuse treatment (Caulfield 1999:118) The competence of children under the age of 16 to give informed consent has also been examined by the court. The case of Gillick v.West Norfolk Wisbech area health authority in 1987 (cited by Rogers 1989) based on the hypothetical situation of a request for contraceptive pills by a child under 16, established a legal principle whereby a health professional could administer treatment against the wishes of the child’s parent. However, the parents approval must still be gained if the child is not deemed to be mentally competent to make their own decisions. PROFESSIONAL Many professional bodies and codes exist to dictate the behaviour of the medical staff that belong to their respective professions.Although many are not able to be used in a court of law, breaking these rules can lead to being struck off a professional register or any number of other sanctions that may be enforced that may result in legal action. A registered midwife is personally and professionally accountable for their practice. This accountability extends to adhering to the Code of Profes sional Conduct (UKCC 1992), with clauses 5 and 7 being especially pertinent to the topic of informed consent. Clause 5 states that a midwife should : †¦ work in an open and co-operative manner with patients, clients and their families, foster their independence and recognise and respect their involvement in the planning and delivery of care. (UKCC 1992:clause 5) A strong emphasis is placed on honesty, respect and client autonomy. The healthcare professional may be guilty of coercion by deceit if all options are not disclosed to the client. This is discussed further in the Guidelines for professional practice (UKCC 1996) and The Midwife’s Code of Practice (UKCC 1994) where the need for adequate information provision is further stressed.This has been demonstrated in the recent concern regarding vitamin K administration to new-born babies. At East Surrey hospital, written consent is now required, with all options including refusal clearly explained (Surrey and Sussex Healt hcare trust 1999). In the light of this information, very few parents decide to refuse vitamin K, and instead have a clear understanding of why it is offered after birth. Clause 7 in the Code of Professional Conduct also highlights the importance of autonomy, and respect in a medical relationship: [a midwife should] †¦ recognise and respect the uniqueness and dignity of each patient and client †¦(UKCC 1992).This demonstrates that the clients decisions should be respected, whether the outcome is to give or refuse consent. Although this may be ethically uncomfortable at times, it is the client’s ethics and morality that must be upheld rather than the professional’s. The general public has more rights, and is more aware of these rights than ever before. The Patients Charter states You have the right to have any proposed treatment, including any risks involved in that treatment and any alternatives, clearly explained to you before you decide whether to agree to i t (Department of Health 1999:4).The Changing Childbirth report (Department of Health 1993) also examines these rights from a specific pregnancy and childbirth perspective. It states that the client and her partner should be well informed, and involved in the planning of their care, and that their views and wishes should be respected by the professionals providing her care. ETHICS Informed consent was first introduced as an issue in medical ethics with the Nuremberg code (cited by Faulder 1985:131).This highlighted the need for voluntary consent with sufficient knowledge and comprehension to medical experimentation after the atrocities of medical experimentation in World War 2 concentration camps were discovered. Although this code was primarily concerned with the consent given before medical experimentation, the words that lie within it provide a foundation for informed consent in all areas, emphasising the need for freedom of choice based on knowledge sufficient to understand and d ecide.Previous to this, a paternalistic approach to medicine was adopted for those that could afford it, with high regard paid to the doctors opinion which was rarely if ever questioned. Faulder (1985) cites five moral principles or rights upon which much ethical theory is loosely based ; autonomy, veracity, justice, beneficence and nonmaleficence. There is a very strong relationship between the principle of autonomy and consent (Jones 1994). One cannot exist without the other and together they allow self-determination. The body we inhabit is ours and ours alone to decide about, which does not mean that in coming to our decisions we do not consider, and more often than not take, the advice given to us by doctors (Faulder 1985:24) Veracity (truthfulness) holds the key to mutual trust and respect vital within any medical relationship, and justice acknowledges the claim for patient autonomy by enabling it to be exercised (Faulder 1985:26) and is well demonstrated by the legal aspects o f consent. Nonmaleficence (To not do harm) is considered to be the positive opposite to beneficence.Beneficence (the duty to do good) is often cited by doctors as argument against informed consent, and it is often the medical profession who decide what is in the best interests’ for the client. This duty to do good’ explains why in British law, a doctor has the right to choose what information is provided before consent is given, as in the Sidaway case. When the consent of the patient or client is not sought for any treatment or intervention, that person’ life is devalued. A paternalistic stance is taken; truth telling or honesty is compromised; trust is lost, individual freedom cannot be exercised: in other words, harm is done. (Tschudin 1989:339) Two main schools of thought exist within modern medical ethics: Deontology, with an absolute duty to obey moral principles regardless of the consequences, and utilitarianism, which aims to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Jones 1994). Although on face value they appear similar, they work in direct opposition to one another. For example, in the instance of a client who refuses consent for antenatal testing, a deontologist will respect the clients autonomy and is be happy to continue with no testing as is becoming the norm in the midwifery profession.A utilitarian feels that the needs of the many outweigh the need of the individual, and as such would consider the possible effect on the fetus, the health service if the baby were to be born unwell, and society as a whole. They work on a balance between beneficence and nonmaleficence. This approach to medical ethics is favoured by many doctors (Faulder 1985). CONCLUSION Informed consent cannot be considered as a purely professional, legal, or ethical issue, and areas of uncertainty cannot be resolved by their independent use.However it is an extremely important issue in all three contexts. The midwifery profession has made advan ces in this field, but must continue to improve and extend this. Informed consent can no longer be selective or at the discretion of the paternalistic medical profession: †¦ informed consent is a matter of ethical principle, not a legal formula or a courtesy which the doctor may or may not extend to his patients as he thinks fit and only to those he deems capable of acting upon it (Faulder 1985:15)Informed consent brings with it enormous responsibility. The general public as well as medical staff must be well educated in order to utilise this right. While this idea of informed choice is being introduced and improved, it may be open to abuse by all involved, it must therefore be open to input from all involved parties. The system that sets the policies up that promote choice should not be left entirely to the medical profession. medicine, and in particular medical ethics, is too important to leave to the doctors (Faulder 1985:19) Word count 2,194

Chester essays

Chester essays "Eighty years ago, England effectively had no anti-gun laws, and gun crime was insignificant. Since then, as one anti-gun law after another had sailed through parliment, gun crime has steadily grown worse"(american rifleman 23). That quote by Charlton Heston makes a lot of sense, if we try to ban guns people will just get them off the Black Market. Thus with guns in criminals hands and none to protect the innocent our gun crime will rise dramaticaly. Charlton Heston is fighting to keep our guns to protect ourselves and our homes. Charlton has worked for the National Rifle Association for quite some time now, but in his earlier years he was actually an actor. " I cant remember a time when I didnt want to be an actor" (yahoo.com). Charlton Heston has starred in many movies over his career, but the most famous movie he made was probably The Ten Commandments in which he played Moses. Charlton made movies for about ten years, he was an actors guild award winner, and he won the academy award winner for best actor. Before all of his fame Charlton was actually in World War One flying planes for the 11th army air forces. Charlton was in the air force for three years flying planes. While in WWII he also helped to maintain all of the planes. After his service in the air force he went home to be in a broadway play. After the war he settled into a job in the NRA. Charlton now has a job as president in the NRA. Charlton Heston is now the president of the NRA. Some of the things he does around there is he publishes a column in the American Rifleman, a magazine pulished by the NRA itself. Charlton writes columns in several other magazines that the NRA publishes too. Charlton Heston has been the president of the NRA for about eight years. He is working to keep it legal to bear small arms. Charlton Heston is fighting for us to keep and bear arms. Charlton has been on a lot of infomercials and has sent th ...

Compensation, Benefits and Information Systems

Compensation, Benefits and Information Systems The reasons for employee benefits Most modern organizations are recognizing the employees’ compensation as one of the significant organization practices. Studies indicate that not only the employees that benefit from such practices but also the organizations (Shields, 2009). Most organizations perceive employees’ compensations as being costly. However, the benefits surpass the costs involved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Compensation, Benefits and Information Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In essence, proper compensation ensure continuous flow of qualifies staff with required skills and technical competence to keep the organization at the competitive edge. The organizations have to recognize the fact that the qualified staff with required skills and technical competence is the key driver for their growth and development. With current competitive environment, organizations find it necessary to keep such qualified staff within their workforce. In addition, organizations must remain flexible when it comes to the management of employees’ compensations and benefits On the part of employees, increased compensation and benefits ensure augmented productivity due to the satisfaction they receive from such benefits. Well-compensated employees feel protected from social ills that may affect the work processes that in turn may result in decreased performance. In other words, compensation and benefits that takes into consideration needs of workers are critical in the general output of the employees. The application of agency theory in executive compensation In the context of an organization, an agency is an entity that acts on behalf of the principle. The principle, in this context, is the shareholders (Shields, 2009). The principal have the responsibility of compensating the agent that can either be a CEO or any other entity hired by the principal to perform a particular d uty. According to the agency theory, the agent must be loyal and obedient to the principle. The agents are compensated based on their loyalty that determines the level of performance. In essence, the organizations must apply the principle-based executive compensation strategies to ensure cordial relations between the agents and the principle. The advantage with principle-based executive compensation is that it irons out the differences that may arise between the principal and the agent. Main forms of performance-related pay option The performance-related pay covers various forms of employees’ compensations that take into consideration the output of individual workers. In other words, workers are compensated according to the individual performance. The performance-based pay is applied in the circumstances where workers can easily show a discrepancy in their productivity depending on the individual endeavor.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In such situations, performance-based pay is believed to have greater chance of increasing workers performance.  There are various forms of performance-based pay. However, the most commonly practiced include the piecework pay where the compensations are based on each unit of output. Piecework pay is majorly applied in public institutions. The advantage of piecework compensation is that it prevents public wastage and less costly in terms of financial management. The greater disadvantage with this form of performance-based compensation is that it does not motivate workers particularly in the situations where output cannot be measured. The other form of commonly used performance-based pay is the result oriented pay. In this form of performance-based payments, workers are compensated according to the quantity of output or measured value. The compensation increases with the increase in the results. The re sult oriented pay is closely related to merit pay where the compensation is pegged on the individual contribution in the general performance. Profit related pay is another form of performance-based payment where the organizations reimburse their employees depending on the level of profits or gains made by the company.  One of the major advantages with all these forms of payment is that the employees are motivated to attain the greater output. The forms of compensation also enhance the performance culture among the employees and within the organization. However, these forms of compensation can hardly be determined without appropriate measurement procedure. In the circumstances where the output cannot easily be measure, performance based compensations have increased limiting factors. References Shields, J. (2009). Managing employee performance and reward: concepts, practices, strategies. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

censorship in society essays

censorship in society essays If our society decides to have censorship, we compromise our freedom of speech and are left with the chore of deciding where to draw the illusive and unstable line between what should be censored and what should not. When the issue of censorship needs to be addressed question arise such as Who will enforce it? and Who will decide what is right? Ironically, the people who censor materials to protect the common people do not have the common persons best interest in mind. It is the people in power who censor to protect the disempowered and impose the views of a small percentage of society on the masses. Censorship will never reduce oppression and domination, but add to the problem, as people are left inane and ignorant. Censorship will never give people comfort and security for it is often hypocritical and in many times creates conflicts of interest. Violent and sexually explicit material are tolerated in our mainstream society to a certain degree. Images of rape and torture are tolerated within this section of our society within certain circumstance. The rape of the Sabine Women, the Martyrdom of St. Agathe and the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ are iconographic pictures which many artists throughout history have depicted and are consistently shown within art museums. While these are being represented in many places, a work of art, which challenges our modern culture, will face resistance and censorship due to homophobic, sexist and racist reactions. But go many places and it is easy to find degrading images of women in porn magazines to mainstream advertising. Why government bureaucrats get to see material that they forbid the rest of us to see is outrageous. Not only do they not have to pay for the material in question; we actually pay them to see it. If the rational for censorship is that "obscene" material automatically corrup ts minds and produces anti-social ...

Plaster of Paris Exothermic Reaction Can Cause Serious Burns

Plaster of Paris Exothermic Reaction Can Cause Serious Burns You may have read a while back about how a school in Lincolnshire (UK) was fined  £20,000 for failing to report a tragic accident in which a girl essentially lost her hands after immersing them in plaster of Paris to make a mold for an art project. Plaster of Paris is used in a lot of art and science projects, often very casually, though it is a potentially hazardous chemical. First off, plaster of Paris, which is calcium sulfate hemihydrate, may contain silica and asbestos as impurities. Both of these materials are capable of causing permanent lung damage and other ailments if inhaled. Second, and more significantly, plaster of Paris mixes with water in an exothermic reaction. In the Lincolnshire accident, the 16-year-old girl was seriously burned when she immersed her hands in a bucket of plaster of Paris mixture. She was unable to remove her hands from the setting plaster, which may have reached 60 °C. Now, Im not saying you shouldnt play with plaster of Paris. Its great for making geodes and molds and for many other projects. Its safe for kids to use, but only if they are aware of and can follow the proper safety precautions for working with that chemical: Wear a mask when working with dry plaster to prevent inhalation of the calcium sulfate or impurities which may be present in the powder.Wear gloves when working with plaster of Paris and avoid situations where your skin might be in contact with the plaster.Avoid washing plaster of Paris down the drain, since the plaster can set up in the plumbing. When its used properly, plaster of Paris is a useful chemical to have around. Just be careful.

The British Has A Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The British Has A Constitution - Essay Example Constitutions, McEwen (2004) adds, establish the composition, powers and functions of the institutions of the state, regulate the relations between these institutions, and enshrine the legal rights and duties of the citizenry. The Unwritten UK Constitution Constitutions of all other states are codified. â€Å"Codified constitutions are largely written, centered around a single document incorporating key constitutional provisions that are binding on all political institutions.† (McEwen 2004) In contrast, the British constitution is not written or codified in a single document. Where codified constitutions are entrenched and enjoys the protecition of a Supreme Court, and can only be repealed or amended by special provisions, the uncodified constitutions are beyond the ordinary legislative process. Sources of the UK Constitution: The UK Constitution is found a number of sources, namely they following: 1. Statute Law: Many Acts of Parliament concern constitutional law. 2. Common / Case Law: The British constitution is â€Å"judge made†and derives some of its principles from jurisprudence. 3. Royal Prerogative: This refers to powers originally exercised by the monarch traditionally, among which powers. Most prerogatives are now directly exercised by ministers, such as the power to regulate the civil service, or the power to issue passports.

Paraphrase and improve presenting style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paraphrase and improve presenting style - Essay Example The sources of these sounds are categorized in relation to their engagement of the basis of molecular formation; solids, liquids and gasses. Background: In terms of pitch and frequency discrimination tasks, human performance has been intensively researched with its primary focus upon the duration of repetitive wavecycles. These studies concluded that an individuals’ increasing exposure to wavecycles subsequently increases their performance. This revelation would contribute to the understanding of the evolution of animal’s communicative sounds, particularly from single-pulse resonances which became repetitive expressions of the same stimulus. A study conducted by Hsieh and Saberi (2007) found that an increase in performance coincided with the lengths of exposure duration, where increasing exposure increased performance. Aim: The primary aim of this study was to explore the effect repetition has upon human performance, particularly how the number of exposure periods to a damped sinusoid and double damped sinusoids increases the individuals’ performances. The experimenter then compared the effect on individuals’ performances, focusing between damped and double damped sinusoids. Method: Ten participants with average auditory abilities were recruited from a single population; the staff and students of the university. The experimenters exposed the subjects to an increasing number of periods (1, 2, 4, 8 and 16) of a damped and double damped sinusoid. They accomplished this by using â€Å"a three alternative forced choice method and a one up three down adaptive procedure stair case† in conjunction with the examination of the Just Noticeable Difference threshold in the subject’s ability to discriminate the exposure to varying frequencies. The experimenters labeled the samples in this study as â€Å"looks†, as their multiple-look models would collectively account for the collected data which came from the temporal

How do Managers Attempt to Solve the Labour Problem Essay

How do Managers Attempt to Solve the Labour Problem - Essay Example However, the organisations in the post-modern era are also affected by the conflicts between the labours or the workers and the managers who are liable to supervise and control them. Conflicts or disputes may also arise within an organisation amid the co-workers which are again to be managed efficiently by the managers. According to most of the recent studies based on a similar context, it have been revealed that disputes between managers and the subordinate employees have emerged to be a common phenomenon in majority of the organisations irrespective of their size or industry (Bratton & Gold, 2011: 238). The discussion in this paper will consider the concept of ‘right to manage’ possessed by the organisational managers and its impact on the schemas adopted by them to control the workplace disputes. The traditional and the contemporary methods will further be taken into consideration so as to identify the constraints faced by the managers in dealing with the issue. Hereb y, the ultimate objective of the paper will be to provide a rational explanation to the strategies adopted by the managers in an attempt to minimise the disputes arising within the workplace. The Concept of ‘Right to Manage’ The concept of ‘right to manage’ in this context deals with the fundamental or principle responsibilities of the managers to control the disputes between the organisation and its employees along with those taking place amid the employees working together (Storey, 1983: 98). According to Harris (1982: 98), managerial strategies adopted so as to control this issue are largely depended on the managerial prerogative approach adhered by the organisations operating in an economy. For instance, during the post world-war situation in 1944 and the later years, organisations in the American economy witnessed significant discrepancies in relation to labour disputes. One of the main causes for these issues to take place was the sudden increase of p roduction in the industries due to the inclusion of more efficient techniques and machineries. This in turn forced the industry players to sell in larger proportion to manage the flow of production and thus maintain their break-even point at a sustainable position. The inclusion of up-to-date technologies also resulted in higher cost of production motivating the industry players to adopt cost retrenchment measures. It is in this context that the organisations had to witness noteworthy issues related to labour resistance and insignificant co-operation among the workers. Although the problem of overcapacity was minimised in the later years, the disputes between the management and the labours still existed (Harris, 1982: 102). With reference to this illustration or the situation faced by organisations in the later period of the second world-war, it can be stated that managerial prerogative to consider either their ‘property rights’ or their ‘right to contract’ or both has a significant impact on the disputes between the labour force and the management. The ‘property management rights’ indicate the quantitative aspects of managerial ideology, i.e. to increase the profitability, competency and market share of the